HLB Smartlink Account, your preferred salary account

Benefits of Hong Leong SmartLink Account:

	Checking facility.
	Attractive interest rates calculated daily and credited quarterly.
	Free-for-life Hong Leong Gold Credit Card** with minimum RM500 balance.
	Bi-monthly Statements.
	Lowest Interbank GIRO (IBG) fees at only RM0.50 per transaction.
	Convenient access to your account via ATM, Internet and Phone banking.

     FREE Debit Card (No RM50 GST charged)
     FREE Touch'n Go Zing Card (Offers valid from 15 Oct 2010 - 15 Apr 2011)


Eligibility: 

• 18 years old
• Minimum RM20 to open new account

From my point of view, this account is very competitive in term of its RM0.50 IBG fee (unlimited transactions). At the moment, only basic type current/savings account (from all local banks) charge RM0.50 IBG fee for the first two transactions, subsequent transactions will be charged RM2.00.

Besides, HLB Smartlink Account does not require the accountholder to maintain at least RM1,000 like other banks do. Anyway, you may think RM1,000 is very easy to maintain, but some may not think so.

Free Touch n Go Zing Card is also a plus point of this account. Whenever TnG balance falls below RM50, it will be reloaded RM100 automatically with minor RM0.50 fee. Better still, the reload earns reward points too. It is very useful for heavy TnG users.

Overall, those who are looking for an account which has checking facility and low IBG fee, this is it!

For more details, please visit:
Hong Leong Bank SmartLink Account
Brochure
Terms and conditions for 10%p.a. Bonus Interest
Interest rate

Reload your Touch N' Go using CIMB ATM card without service charge

古代官吏颈上的朝珠

朝珠由108颗珠子贯穿而成，挂于颈上，垂在胸前。朝珠的质料有东珠、翡翠、玛瑙、蓝晶石、珊瑚等。每盘朝珠有四个大珠，垂在胸前的叫“佛头”，在背后还有一个下垂的“背云”，在朝珠两侧，有三串小珠，左二右一，各10粒，名为“记捻”。按清《会典》规定，自皇帝、后妃到文官五品、武官四品以上，皆可配挂朝珠，朝珠虽然是装饰品,但一般官员和百姓不能随意佩带。对于佩带何种质地的朝珠，也有严格的区分和等级规定，从官员胸前所佩带朝珠质地的好坏，可以看出官员的品级高低来。官员觐见皇帝时必须伏地跪拜，只要朝珠碰地，即可代替额头触地。朝珠的直径越大，珠串就越长，佩挂者俯首叩头的幅度就可减小，这可以说是皇上对不同官职的不同恩赐。


在清代，上至皇帝，下至一定品级的官员都带朝珠。朝珠，尤其是皇帝的朝珠它有特定的含义，比如说东周朝珠，它是皇帝上朝戴的，像红珊瑚朝珠呢，它是皇帝祭日戴的，绿松石朝珠是皇帝祭月戴的。另外，朝珠它是一个人身份和等级的象征，比如说东珠朝珠，当年清代开国元勋多尔衮，还有大贪官和珅，当时在追究他们罪状之一就有一条，私匿东周朝珠。这串朝珠无论从工艺、从它的特征，从它的装饰方法都符合官制朝珠的特征。

History of Mastercard

A pioneer of the payments industry, MasterCard Worldwide has a remarkable heritage of success and innovation. Through the decades, MasterCard has demonstrated a commitment to making commerce faster, more secure and more convenient, while fostering relationships that drive value for all stakeholders and advance global commerce. Below are some of the company’s key highlights since its inception.

1966

Founded as the Interbank Card Association (ICA).

1968

Begins formation of global network with banks outside the United States.

1969

ICA acquires exclusive rights to the “Master Charge” name and the trademarked interlocking circles.

1974

Magstripe becomes a standard feature on all "Master Charge" cards.

1979

Renamed “MasterCard” to reflect commitment to international growth, following the purchase of “Master Charge” name and trademark by the California Bank Association.

1983

MasterCard introduces hologram security device, an industry first.

1985

MasterCard acquires an interest in Europay International's predecessor, EuroCard.

1987

MasterCard is the first-ever payment card issued in the People’s Republic of China.

1988

MasterCard acquires the Cirrus® ATM network

1990

MasterCard unveils a co-branding strategy and becomes the industry's co-branding leader.

1991

Europay and MasterCard launch Maestro®, the world’s first online point-of-sale debit network.

1997

Launch of Priceless®, award-winning advertising campaign, which first airs in October, and runs in 98 countries and in 46 languages. This campaign significantly raises brand awareness and usage—and enters “MasterCard” into the lexicon of everyday usage.

2001

Launch of MasterCard Advisors professional services, the largest global consultancy focused on the payments industry.

2002

MasterCard merges with Europay International to create MasterCard International—one worldwide company with one management team and converts to a private-share corporation in June 2002. MasterCard is in the best position to achieve its goals as an industry leader and to help the company’s customers achieve profitable growth.


MasterCard launches and completes initial trial of its MasterCard PayPass™ contactless payment program in Orlando, Florida, with Chase, Citibank and MBNA.

2005

Additional financial institutions begin issuing MasterCard PayPass in 2005 and 2006. Card Technology magazine presents MasterCard with two “Breakthrough” Awards for its PayPass technology.

2006

MasterCard transitions to a new corporate governance and ownership structure. MasterCard Inc. begins trading on the New York Stock Exchange under ticker symbol MA.


MasterCard introduces new corporate name, MasterCard Worldwide, and adopts a new corporate signature and tagline, The Heart of Commerce™, to reflect the company’s globally integrated structure and strategic vision of advancing commerce worldwide.

2007

MasterCard Worldwide launches knowledge leadership initiative with the Worldwide Centers of Commerce.

2008

Launch of IPS (Integrated Processing Solution) global platform for debit & prepaid issuer processing.

2008

MasterCard Europe and Europay France Integrate Operations in France.

2008

Acquired Orbisom, Ltd., a leading payments solutions software provider for major financial institutions.

Shall we disclose CVV number to card agent?

As a credit card user, I believe you have been advised or told by friends or banks to keep your CVV number undisclosed. CVV number is a three digit number on the back of credit card. It is needed to identify the credit card when an online transaction is being done.

So you know that the CVV is confidential. Do you feel kinda insecure when the card agent takes your card and has the card's both side photocopied?  Here's Bank Negara Malaysia's explanation.

"Please be informed that documents requirement for an application will be at the discretion of the bank based on types of loan, its internal policies and risk management.  Credit cardholder should take necessary steps to minimize the risk of being a victim of fraud and not to provide credit card details to an unknown party. In this regard, if you feel that the requirement for photocopy of your credit card by the credit card agent to facilitate approval is unreasonable, you are advised to check and seek explanation from the Card Centre of the bank.

 

We also would like to highlight to you that all financial institutions must abide to Section 97 of Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 where they should not reveal, publish or otherwise disclose to any person of any information or document whatsoever relating to the affairs or account of such customer."

"东西"从何而来

何来“东西”一词?

中国古代的术数用金、木、水、火、土，推算相互生克的道理和运势，这“五行”又和东西南北这“五方”相配，测出古今变革，人生命理、万事冲撞及依附的关系。

宋朝的理学家朱熹好学多问，有次他在巷子里碰到精通五行的好友盛温和，问道：“你提着篮子去干什么啊？”

盛温和幽默的回答：“去街门买东西”。当时还没有“东西”一说法。

朱熹不解地问：“买‘东西’？这是什么意思？为何不买‘南北’？”

盛温和并没有直接解答，他笑着回敬说：“真不明白？你这位大学问家真是聪明一世糊涂一时啊。你把五行和五方对照一下就会豁然开朗了。”

朱熹独自思付，“东”即“木”，“西”为“金”，“南”属“火”，“北”乃“水”……突然他如梦初醒，原来盛温和是用了诙谐的语言说，“上街去买金木之类，可装入篮子的物品”！若说“南北”当然不对了，篮子里怎么可以装水和火呢？

从此，“东西”就成为了物品的代名词直至今天。

Engine Oil - FAQ

What's the difference between synthetic and mineral oil?
Synthetic lubricants are made up of molecules that have been modified under complex chemical processes and allow for enhanced performance under extreme conditions of temperature, pressure and forces. Mineral lubricants are composed of molecules present in crude oil that are separated in the distillation process at a refinery.

What is viscosity?
A liquid that has a relatively high resistance to flow can be described as viscous. For example, water has a low viscosity compared with honey, so in this case honey has a higher viscosity than water under the same temperature. A good quality lubricant keeps its viscosity steady under different temperature and usage conditions for a longer period of time.

What is a multigrade oil?
Lubricants that are able to maintain their performance in high and low temperatures are called multigrade. They are defined by two numbers. The first (followed by a W) indicates the lubricant’s viscosity under lower temperatures. The second and higher number indicates the lubricant’s viscosity under greater temperatures. A multigrade lubricant minimises viscosity differences under temperature variations.

What are additives and why are they used?
Additives are chemical compounds which, when added to base oils, improve the performance of the lubricants, protecting them from aging and allowing them to respond to all the demands of the modern engine. The blend of various additives is what sets a quality lubricant such as Shell Helix apart from the competition.

My oil consumption is very high. Why?
You would be wise to check for faults, taking into account the type of engine, its age and the driving conditions to which it has been exposed. Faults could be caused by a leak in junctions or seals, wear to pistons or cylinders, or deposits limiting the lubrication of some surfaces.

Does the colour of the oil mean anything?
The colour of an oil has no special meaning, but depends on a number of factors, such as the refining process and the types of base oils, additives and crude oil used. Oil may turn a darker colour after use because it contains a number of suspension particles – the reason for this is that oil cleans the engine of particles and other deposits produced by the high temperature combustion, keeping the particles in suspension to avoid depositing them on the engine’s surface.

What do the classifications and specifications on the back of the pack mean?
Lubricants vary in their use and quality. Some are only suitable for particular engines, while others can only be used in certain climates. Even two oils optimised for the same engine and climate conditions can have vastly different levels of performance. Universal criteria to describe oil performance and usage are therefore used.

认识机油的API

对机油有点认识（但不很精通）的驾车人士，大概都知道机油有不同的浓度。大多数新车普遍使用较稀薄的机油，而对于行驶了100,000km的车子，专家们都建议使用20w-50浓度的机油。

“20“和”50“代表什么，这里我就不说了。因为这次要分享的主要课题是机油的API。

我们购买机油，除了要买最合适引擎的浓稠度(更专业一点，叫做SAE Grade)之外，也要注意机油的API标准。

相信各位有留意到，同样的SAE Grade，只是不同品牌，价格也会相差几块到二三十块不等。为什么？就是API的区别在作怪。

API的级别，有SM, SL, SJ, SH, SG, SF....越高的标准（如SM），表示该机油达到更严格的要求。因为最近才察觉到这微妙之处，所以我暂时只能在网站寻找机油的技术规格，还没去调查价钱。

• PETRONAS Mach 5, API SM
• MOBIL Super XHP, API SL
• SHELL Helix Super, API SL (Yellow bottle, no more available)
• PENNZOIL GT Performance Plus, API SJ (Blue bottle)
• ENEOS Super Asia, API SJ
• IDEMITSU Racing, API SJ
• SHELL Helix HX3, API SJ (Red bottle)
• SHELL X100, API SG (White bottle)
• PENNZOIL MGMO, API SG (Golden yellow bottle)
• CASTROL GTX Extra, API SG
• ESSO Extra Motor Oil, API SF

我本身向来信赖SHELL Helix黄桶装。直到两年前，这款机油似乎突然绝迹了，到处都找不到，油站也没卖了。当时看到同样也是20w-50的X100，就买了。虽然脑子一直在想着为什么会变便宜了（因为当时万物涨价），但还是倒进去引擎了。现在回想起用着X100的那段日子，确实好像比较“吃黑油”，一桶4公升用得刚刚好5000km，颜色呈深棕色。

后来有一次有急事要出远门，随随便便在临近一家维修店换机油。该店的机油只有独孤一味Castrol，根本没得选。呸！这是我用过最差的机油！用没到3000km机油就快变“黑油”了。最后是跑到4000km我又换回了Shell X100。

几个月前把车子送去洗的时候看见Shell机油的poster，才发现原来20w-50的机油“改革”了！由黄桶变红桶，名字叫HX3。我才买了PENNZOIL GT Performance Plus (API SJ) ，等下一次oil change就要派上用场了。HX3就再等下下次才试用吧！

Glossary:

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) - defines oil according to its viscosity. Oil can be monograde or multigrade, depending on its viscosity performance at various temperatures. Multigrade oils are able to maintain their performance in high and low temperatures and are defined by two numbers. The first (followed by a W) indicates the lubricant's viscosity under lower temperatures. The second and higher number indicates the lubricant's viscosity under greater temperatures.

American Petroleum Institute (API) - classifies oils according to their capacity to protect the engine. The letter S is used for petrol engines and the letter C for diesel. The letter that follows the S or the C indicates the degree of performance and protection, with A the lowest and X highest. Some oils can be used in petrol and diesel engines, so their classification is stated as SJ/CF or CF-4/SJ.

Detailed information about engine oil grades can be obtained here.

Main differences among Intel 64-bit processors: Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, i3, i5, i7, ...

Get some idea from here before buying PC processors.

Main differences among Intel 64-bit processors: Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, i3, i5, i7, ...

Is Windows 7 Home Premium good enough? Do you need Professional or Ultimate edition?

这是从一个博客转载过来的文章。因为是转载，所以不方便剪贴到自己的博客上。请各位造访以下链接，谢谢。
Is Windows 7 Home Premium good enough? Do you need Professional or Ultimate edition?

BPURI 没有想象中酱美好

UEM Construction Sdn Bhd (UEMC) has won a RM997.23 million contract with Bina Puri Holdings Bhd to build a much-anticipated permanent low-cost carrier terminal (LCCT) at the KL International Airport (KLIA) in Sepang for airport operator Malaysia Airports Holdings Bhd (MAHB).

MAHB told Bursa Malaysia yesterday that it had appointed the UEMC-Bina Puri joint venture (JV), a 60:40 JV that was established in February, as the main contractor for the construction of the new LCCT.


Read more: UEM-Bina Puri venture wins RM997m LCCT deal http://www.btimes.com.my/articles/lcct16/Article/#ixzz0u6Ejzvp2

从以上消息可看到Bina Puri的盈利份额将是40%。

按照比例，Bina Puri获得的合约价值其实是RM997.23 million * 40% = RM398.89 million

以上的数字仅仅是“合约价值”。看清楚噢，不是盈利！

现在我们来做粗略估计它能赚多少。我们从它的历史赚幅（Historical Profit Before Tax Margin）着手。

从过去16个quarter的PBT Margin取得的平均值是1.34%。

假设Bina Puri公司继续维持如此的赚幅，那么，这次的合约能赚多少钱？

Profit from JV = RM398.89 million * 1.34% = RM5.345 million

Bina Puri total shares = 149,125,844 shares

As such, the contribution of the JV towards BPURI's EPS = 3.58sen。

上周五的中午，消息传开后，股价猛涨，挂收1.42，溢价28sen。每股盈利只是提升了3.58sen，股价需要酱大反应吗？

其实是可以理解的啦，你看回公司历来的EPS，大多数在2sen以下。现在单单一个合约就赚到了3.58sen也，相等于年度业绩的1.8倍！实在可喜可贺，呵呵！

---

以上的发表纯属假设性的推测，不构成买卖建议。请谘询您的投资顾问以获取专业的劝告。

如何减低政府的财务负担

如何减低政府的财务负担？


不是削减津贴！不是增税！是减少贪污才对！


依我看，舞弊数额减低个10%，政府就有几十亿资金可用了。


活在马来西亚，发生这种事，难免令人联想到，政府的资金是不是被朋党捞得7788了，要想办法“开源”了？

汽油、柴油、煤气 —— 终于涨价了

July 15, 2010 20:53 PM

Government To Reduce Subsidies For Petrol, Diesel And LPG

KUALA LUMPUR, July 15 (Bernama) -- The Government Thursday announced subsidies for petrol, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and sugar will be reduced as a first step to the gradual subsidy rationalisation programme effective Friday (July 16.)

Subsidies for RON 95 petrol and diesel will be reduced by five sen a litre and LPG by 10 sen a kilogramme, said a statement from the Prime Minister's Office.

This means RON 95 grade petrol will cost RM1.85 a litre while LPG will be sold at RM1.85 per kilogramme.

"RON97 petrol will no longer be subsidised. It will be subjected to a managed float under which the price will be determined by the automatic pricing mechanism.

"For sugar, the upward price adjustment is 25 sen a kilogramme, it said.

The statement said the minimal changes would help Malaysia achieve a position of fiscal responsibility and "put us on a path towards reducing our deficit."

"To meet these objectives, we have chosen to make adjustments to our subsidies," it said.

Even after these changes, the Government will still spend an estimated RM7.82 billion on fuel and sugar subsidies this year.

Fuel and sugar prices in Malaysia will still be among the lowest in the region, it said.

It said the subsidy rationalisation will allow Malaysia to reduce Government expenditure by more than RM750 million this year.

The decision to reduce fuel and sugar subsidies was based on the fact that reducing fuel subsidies would have the greatest impact on Government spending and reducing sugar subsidies "will allow us to promote healthier lifestyles, it said.

-- BERNAMA

慕尤丁：華小撥款受厚待

（吉隆坡14日訊）儘管華小聲稱「錢不夠用」，但教育部宣稱華小已受厚待，因為在第九大馬計劃下華小受惠最多，居冠於其他半津貼小學。

副首相兼教育部長丹斯里慕尤丁表示，政府在第九大馬計劃下，共撥出1億令吉以供半津貼學校作開支。

「這些撥款是撥給所有半津貼學校包括華小、泰米爾小學、宗教學校和教會學校。」

但他說，在2006年至2008年間，華小是獲得最多撥款半津貼華小，全國444所華小獲總撥款額達2540萬8761令吉。

他說，這是政府發給全國772所半津貼學校，占總額5142萬1086令吉撥款額中的一半。

副揆今日以書面回答沙登區國會議員張念群提問，後者是要求部長詳細列出政府在第九大馬計劃下，給予半津貼學校的撥款分類。

在此撥款下，除了華小，全國160所泰米爾小學所獲得的撥款額居次，達1547萬4410令吉撥款，教會學校的撥款是1080萬4915令吉、宗教學校所獲得的撥款是73萬3000令吉。

他強調，政府並沒有規定各源流小學的撥款數據，而是根據學校的需求和迫切性，如學校建築物的安全、教學環境來發出撥款。

尊贵的魏博士，我国的小学真的有全津半津之分么？

为什么教育部长一直强调华小在半津贴学校当中获得最多拨款，而不顺便提一提国小的拨款又是多少？木有钉，你别以为人民是笨蛋！

豐田將在馬組裝佳美車款

（吉隆坡14日訊）大馬合順豐田，已獲得日本豐田總公司首肯，以在大馬組裝豐田佳美Camry車款，日後佳美車款車價是否順應滑落成為焦點。

大馬合順豐田將因此投資一億令吉來展開該公司於莎阿南的組裝業務，預料在2年內可投入運作。

該公司在一篇文告中指出，這項舉措反映出順應大馬汽車政策下的本地化，並冀此舉可帶動本地汽車零件製造廠商。

看到吗？是组装而已。

ATTENTION TO CIMB / Direct Access Visa Platinum Cardmembers

凡购买一张以上GSC电影门票，即可免费获得一张免费门票！

须符合条件与条规。

What spark plugs can tell about

	Normal This is how your plugs should look after they've been used for a few miles. Nice, grey-brown deposits, lightly coated core nose. Plugs are ideally suited to engine, engine probably in good condition. Hmmm, lovely!
	Heavy deposits A build-up of heavy, light-grey sandy deposits. Often caused by worn valve guides, excessive use of upper cylinder lubricant, or idling for long periods.
	Carbon fouling Dry, black, soot-like deposits. Caused by rich running. Check carb mixture settings, float level, choke operation, air filter.
	Oil Fouling Wet deposits of oil. Caused by worn bores, pistong rings or valve guides. Sometimes happens briefly during running-in period.
	Overheated plug Electrodes look glazed; core nose very white; few deposits. Plug is overheating. Check plug temperature value, ignition timing, fuel octane rating (might be too low) and mixture setting (too lean). Rectify before piston rings break or valve faces burn.
	Damaged electrode Electrodes have been burned away, core nose has burned, glazed appearance. Pre-ignition. Check ignition timing and plug temperature value.
	Cracked or broken core nose Detonation or wrong way of setting electrode gap. Check ignition timing, cooling system, fuel mixture setting (too lean).
	Lead glazing Probably doesn't happen with unleaded fuel. Plug insulator firing tip looks yellow or green/yellow and shiny. Often caused by incorrect carb setting, excessive idling followed by sharp acceleration. Also check timing.

日本車商擴大在泰國生產

Created 07/11/2010 - 20:30

日本的汽車生產商目前正在加強在泰國的生產，各公司均將泰國作為環保節能的世界戰略車的生產和出口基地。

三菱汽車社長益子修5日宣佈將在泰國成立第3家工廠。該公司計劃投入150億泰銖（約31.4億元人民幣），從2012年開始生產被稱為世界戰略小型車的新車型。新工廠的年產量為20萬輛，包括已有的兩家工廠，在泰國的年產量將翻番至40萬輛。

豐田汽車在泰國擁有3家工廠，年產量約55萬輛。目前豐田除計劃增加從去年投入生產的混合動力車產量，還在考慮擴建工廠以備2013年投入生產新款小型車。

日產汽車斥資50億泰銖開發新MARCH，3月在曼谷近郊的工廠已開始生產。僅3個半月時間，就贏得了1.6萬輛的訂單，佔本年度泰國國內銷售目標的8成，這充分印證了新型市場國家對小型車的強勁需求。

泰國政府把燃耗及二氧化碳排放量低於一定標準的小型車定為環保車，通過減免稅等措施鼓勵生產。

（共同社）（香港明報）

Source URL: http://www.sinchew-i.com/node/162798

好笑了。我怎么好像没听说日本汽车制造商在马来西亚增建厂房和投资额？马来西亚政府的官爷们，你们想到了如何吸引外资的方法吗？

噢不，你们能够把外资留住就算很不错了！

换了两条轮胎

前几天到爸爸的好朋友开的轮胎店换了两条新轮胎。当时老板不在店内，由儿子打理。本来想要Goodyear Ducaro GA或Dunlop LM701，但店内只有Yokohama、Silverstone、Sime Tyres。店内也有Bridgestone和Michelin，但那个价钱就... ...你知道啦。

Silverstone，常看到报章有它的广告，却很少人去谈论它的利与弊，我想应该是没什么人用吧。

Sime Tyres，听到的都是一面倒的坏话 —— 很快有裂痕啦、噪音很大声啦、割水性能逊色啦 等等

Yokohama，以前混汽车论坛时听网友说不错用，经济实惠。

OK啦，就选Yokohama了！;p

 

Types of Fires & Fire Extinguishers

This is the FIRE TRIANGLE. There are four elements that must be present for a fire to exist. There must be Oxygen to sustain combustion, Heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature, Fuel to support the combustion and a Chemical Reaction between the other three elements. 

REMOVE ANY ONE OF THE FOUR ELEMENTS TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE.

HOW TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

1. Water & Foam

Water & Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the heat of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the oxygen element from the other elements.

Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only. They should not be used on Class B & C fires. The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B fire or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.

Foam extinguishers can be used on Class A & B fires only. They are not for use on Class C fires due to the shock hazard.

2. Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle and also by removing the heat with a very cold discharge.

Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They are usually ineffective on Class A fires.

3. Dry chemical

Dry chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the multi-purpose dry chemical that is effective on Class A, B and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A fires.

Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to reignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.

4. Wet chemical

Wet chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat of the fire triangle and prevents reignition by creating a barrier between the oxygen and fuel element.

Wet chemical or Class K extinguishers were developed for modern, high-efficiency deep fat fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some may also be used on Class A fires in commercial kitchens.

5. Clean agent

Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers include the halon agents as well as the newer and less ozone depleting halo-carbon agents. They extinguish the fire by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Clean agent extinguishers are primarily for Class B & C fires. Some larger clean agent extinguishers can be used on Class A, B and C fires.

6. Dry powder

Dry powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they extinguish the fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by removing the heat element of the fire triangle.

However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal fires, only. They are ineffective on all classes of fires.

7. Water mist

Water mist extinguishers are a recent development that extinguish the fire by taking away the heat element of the fire triangle. They are an alternative to the clean agent extinguishers where contamination is a concern.

Water mist extinguishers are primarily for Class A fires, although they are safe for use on Class C fires as well.

Classes of SD cards

在数码相机和多媒体手机普及化的时代，消费者对记忆卡的容量需求日益剧增。当您选购记忆卡的时候，您是否对于卡上面的Class 2、Class 4、Class 6之类的字眼感到好奇？我来帮大家揭开疑惑吧！
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SD Speed Class/UHS Speed Class

Greater Performance Choices

There are two kinds of Speed Class, "Speed Class" and "UHS Speed Class."

As a characteristic of flash memory, actual transfer speed varies. Variable speeds are difficult to reliably record streaming content such as video because it requires a constant writing speed. Speed Class and UHS Speed Class provide the constant speed necessary for video recording by designating a minimum writing performance so that minimum and constant speed is guaranteed for camcorders, video recorders and other devices with video recording capabilities under the conditional write operation specified in the specification.

Speed Class, designated as Class 2, 4, 6 and 10, is designed for normal and high speed bus interface (mode) and UHS Speed Class 1 is designed for UHS-I bus interface*. (Speed Class and the UHS Speed Class are not compatible.)

*UHS (Ultra High Speed), the fastest performance category available today, defines bus-interface speeds up to 104 Megabytes per second for greater device performance in SDXC and SDHC host products.

	Marks	Operable Under...	Applications	SD Memory Card
Speed Class		Normal Bus I/F	SD video recording	SD, miniSD, microSD SDHC, miniSDHC, microSDHC SDXC, microSDXC
			HD ~ Full HD video recording
		High Speed Bus I/F	Full HD video recording HD still consecutive recording
UHS Speed Class		UHS-I Bus I/F	Full higher potential of recording real-time broadcasts and capturing large-size HD videos	SDHC UHS-Iand SDXC UHS-I

UHS Speed Class Compatibility

Speed Class Compatibility

Fragmentation and Speed

The memory of a card is divided into minimum memory units. The host writes data onto memory units where no data is already stored. As available memory becomes divided into smaller units through normal use, this leads to an increase in non-linear, or fragmented storage. The amount of fragmentation can reduce write speeds, so higher SD card speeds help compensate for fragmentation.

The SD Association has specified operating conditions for SDHC, SDXC, SDHC UHS-I and SDXC UHS-I memory cards to guarantee the minimum speed according to the card's speed class. Speed logos are provided to help identify cards that comply with these specifications.