Types of Fires & Fire Extinguishers

This is the FIRE TRIANGLE. There are four elements that must be present for a fire to exist. There must be Oxygen to sustain combustion, Heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature, Fuel to support the combustion and a Chemical Reaction between the other three elements. 

REMOVE ANY ONE OF THE FOUR ELEMENTS TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE.

HOW TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

1. Water & Foam

Water & Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the heat of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the oxygen element from the other elements.

Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only. They should not be used on Class B & C fires. The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B fire or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.

Foam extinguishers can be used on Class A & B fires only. They are not for use on Class C fires due to the shock hazard.

2. Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle and also by removing the heat with a very cold discharge.

Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They are usually ineffective on Class A fires.

3. Dry chemical

Dry chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the multi-purpose dry chemical that is effective on Class A, B and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A fires.

Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to reignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.

4. Wet chemical

Wet chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat of the fire triangle and prevents reignition by creating a barrier between the oxygen and fuel element.

Wet chemical or Class K extinguishers were developed for modern, high-efficiency deep fat fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some may also be used on Class A fires in commercial kitchens.

5. Clean agent

Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers include the halon agents as well as the newer and less ozone depleting halo-carbon agents. They extinguish the fire by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Clean agent extinguishers are primarily for Class B & C fires. Some larger clean agent extinguishers can be used on Class A, B and C fires.

6. Dry powder

Dry powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they extinguish the fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by removing the heat element of the fire triangle.

However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal fires, only. They are ineffective on all classes of fires.

7. Water mist

Water mist extinguishers are a recent development that extinguish the fire by taking away the heat element of the fire triangle. They are an alternative to the clean agent extinguishers where contamination is a concern.

Water mist extinguishers are primarily for Class A fires, although they are safe for use on Class C fires as well.

Classes of SD cards

在数码相机和多媒体手机普及化的时代，消费者对记忆卡的容量需求日益剧增。当您选购记忆卡的时候，您是否对于卡上面的Class 2、Class 4、Class 6之类的字眼感到好奇？我来帮大家揭开疑惑吧！
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SD Speed Class/UHS Speed Class

Greater Performance Choices

There are two kinds of Speed Class, "Speed Class" and "UHS Speed Class."

As a characteristic of flash memory, actual transfer speed varies. Variable speeds are difficult to reliably record streaming content such as video because it requires a constant writing speed. Speed Class and UHS Speed Class provide the constant speed necessary for video recording by designating a minimum writing performance so that minimum and constant speed is guaranteed for camcorders, video recorders and other devices with video recording capabilities under the conditional write operation specified in the specification.

Speed Class, designated as Class 2, 4, 6 and 10, is designed for normal and high speed bus interface (mode) and UHS Speed Class 1 is designed for UHS-I bus interface*. (Speed Class and the UHS Speed Class are not compatible.)

*UHS (Ultra High Speed), the fastest performance category available today, defines bus-interface speeds up to 104 Megabytes per second for greater device performance in SDXC and SDHC host products.

	Marks	Operable Under...	Applications	SD Memory Card
Speed Class		Normal Bus I/F	SD video recording	SD, miniSD, microSD SDHC, miniSDHC, microSDHC SDXC, microSDXC
			HD ~ Full HD video recording
		High Speed Bus I/F	Full HD video recording HD still consecutive recording
UHS Speed Class		UHS-I Bus I/F	Full higher potential of recording real-time broadcasts and capturing large-size HD videos	SDHC UHS-Iand SDXC UHS-I

UHS Speed Class Compatibility

Speed Class Compatibility

Fragmentation and Speed

The memory of a card is divided into minimum memory units. The host writes data onto memory units where no data is already stored. As available memory becomes divided into smaller units through normal use, this leads to an increase in non-linear, or fragmented storage. The amount of fragmentation can reduce write speeds, so higher SD card speeds help compensate for fragmentation.

The SD Association has specified operating conditions for SDHC, SDXC, SDHC UHS-I and SDXC UHS-I memory cards to guarantee the minimum speed according to the card's speed class. Speed logos are provided to help identify cards that comply with these specifications.

I lost my cat

才做了阉割手术2个星期你就不知所踪了。希望你在新的地方好吃好住。

～永在怀念中～

Check your credit card statement regularly

This morning I as usual checked my credit card transaction record. I was shocked when I saw a transaction that my card was charged for an insurance premium and the policy is not mine! I called the insurance company at once to verify the policyowner (luckily the policy number was stated in item description). The Customer Service officer realized the seriousness of the problem and quickly looked for related documents for verification. All of the evidence have proven that the policy did not belong to me, and no documents showed that I endorsed the auto-pay. The insurance company agreed to credit the same amount of money back to my credit card account. I would like to advise all credit card holders to be very careful. Please check transaction record regularly to prevent unauthorized swiping!

今早我如常登入网上银行查看信用卡刷卡记录。我看到我被盗刷了一项保费！我火速致电保险公司查证该保单。客服员了解到这是很严重的问题所以马上展开调查，找来了该保单的所有文件。文件显示该保单的主人不是我，Auto-pay表格上的资料也跟我的卡不吻合。铁证如山，保险公司向我道歉并承诺将汇入相同数额的款项到我的信用卡户头，以抵消该笔刷卡项目。我要借此机会呼吁所有信用卡用户要时时监督刷卡记录，以免遭到盗刷，帮陌生人买单！

有些人死都不用信用卡就是这个原因吧？;p

隔热膜的透光度

天气酷热，嫌冷气不够冷吗？想为爱车弄隔热膜，可是不知JPJ对于隔热膜透光度有什么标准？不用担心，我帮各位问了JPJ。

答复是：Windscreen (大镜) 不少过70%，后镜和侧镜不少过50%。

“不少过”其实就是指“超过”啦。大镜要透光超过70%，我想是要方便大众（尤其是警察）通过最大片的镜子看清楚司机和旁边那位乘客的样子吧！

陆路交通局建议车主在确保该商店的隔热膜符合规格之后才安装，并且向商店索取guarantee letter，以保障车主的法律权利。

安装后，请到临近的JPJ或PUSPAKOM进行镜子透光度检验。万一检验结果显示透光度不符合规格，车主有权利要求该商店把隔热膜拆下并索取退款。

若商店拒绝这么做，车主可以以该guarantee letter为证据，向消费者仲裁庭讨回公道。